จดเอาไว้ให้เข้ากับสถานการณ์
จาก Cumming's Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, 5th Edition (2010)
Sign & Symptom
- Airway: Respiratory distress, Stridor, Hemoptysis, Hoarseness, Tracheal deviation, Subcutaneous emphysema, Sucking wound
- Vascular: Hematoma, persistent bleeding, neurodeficit, absent pulse, shock, bruit, thrill
- Nervous: Hemiplegia, quadriplegia, coma, CN deficit, hoarseness
- Esophagus/hypopharynx: subcutaneous emphysema, dysphagia, odynophagia, hematemesis, hemoptysis
- Impact 50 m/s เข้า skin, 65 m/s fracture bone
- Civilian - Low-muzzle velocity (90 m/s)
- มักเบียด vascular structures มากกว่า
- High velocity bullet: > 610 m/s
- Handgun/pistol (.22, .45) : 210-600 m/s
- Magnum .44 : greater velocity – injury comparable with rifle
- กระสุนที่เบี่ยงวิถี/เด้ง จะสร้างความเสียหายมากกว่า
- Mostly 760 m/s
- Created cavity up to 30 times the size of bullet
- High energy missiles not easily deflected, cause significant destruction along path (energy absorbed)
- Mortality is significant, usually not survive to study
- Pellets scatter as they travel
- At close range: act like single missile similar to high-velocity bullet of rifle (blast)
- At further distance: act like multiple bullet (depends on gauge, shot, powder load and choke of gun) – may be hidden in multiple locations
- Low-velocity (300 m/s)
